Cryptography

Cryptography registry

Every signature and key scheme a rated chain uses or has named, recorded once with its standard and whether Shor's algorithm breaks it.

Each chain's profile lists the schemes it uses, what for, and how far each is deployed, with a source for every entry. This registry is published beside the Hardy Score and is not an input to it. A role a profile does not list is not evidenced either way, which is not the same as saying the chain has none.

Shared exposure

For each scheme a quantum computer running Shor's algorithm would break, the rated chains whose accounts sign with it by default or by mandate. Opt-in uses and consensus roles are on each scheme's page and are not counted here. A chain that lets accounts choose between two schemes is counted under both.

ECDSA on secp256k1 51 chains

0G, AIOZ Network, Akash Network, Avalanche, Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin SV, BNB Chain, Celestia, Chiliz Chain, Conflux, Cosmos Hub, Cronos, Dash, Decred, Dogecoin, dYdX Chain, eCash, Ethereum, Ethereum Classic, Filecoin, Flare, GateChain, Gnosis Chain, Hedera, Hyperliquid, Injective, Kaia, KCC (KuCoin Community Chain), Kite, Litecoin, MemeCore, Monad, Nervos CKB, Ozone Chain, Polygon PoS, Provenance Blockchain, QoreChain, Qtum, Sei, Sonic, Terra Classic, Theta Network, THORChain, Tron, Vaulta, VeChain, WEMIX, Whitechain, XDC Network, XRP Ledger
Ed25519 17 chains

Algorand, Aptos, Beldex, Cardano, GateChain, Hedera, Internet Computer, IOTA, Monero, MultiversX, NEAR Protocol, Solana, Stellar, Sui, Tezos, TON, XRP Ledger
Schnorr signatures on secp256k1 5 chains

Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, eCash, Kaspa, Midnight
sr25519 2 chains

Bittensor, Polkadot
ECDSA on brainpoolP512t1 1 chain

Nexus
ECDSA on secp256r1 1 chain

Neo
Mina Schnorr signatures on Pallas 1 chain

Mina Protocol
RedDSA 1 chain

Zcash
RSA-PSS 1 chain

Arweave

Broken by Shor's algorithm

Scheme	Standard	Rated chains
BLS signatures on BLS12-381 BLS	draft-irtf-cfrg-bls-signature draft	14
CLSAG ring signatures Concise Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group signatures	No published standard	2
ECDSA on brainpoolP512t1 Brainpool, brainpoolP512t1	RFC 5639	1
ECDSA on secp256k1 secp256k1, ECDSA	SEC 1 and SEC 2	59
ECDSA on secp256r1 secp256r1, P-256, prime256v1	FIPS 186-5 (P-256)	11
ECDSA on sect571r1 sect571r1, B-571	SEC 2	1
ECVRF Elliptic-curve verifiable random function, VRF	RFC 9381	4
Ed25519 EdDSA, Curve25519	RFC 8032	33
Mina Schnorr signatures on Pallas Mina Schnorr, Schnorr-Pallas	No published standard	1
RedDSA RedPallas, RedJubjub	No published standard	2
RSA-PSS RSA, RSASSA-PSS	RFC 8017	1
Schnorr signatures on secp256k1 BIP-340, Schnorr	BIP-340	8
sr25519 Schnorrkel, Ristretto Schnorr	No published standard	3

Believed quantum-resistant

Scheme	Standard	Rated chains
Abelian lattice signatures and KEM Abelian post-quantum primitives	No published standard	1
FN-DSA Falcon, FIPS 206	FIPS 206 draft	10
leanXMSS lean signatures	No published standard	2
LM-OTS Leighton-Micali one-time signatures, LMS	RFC 8554	1
ML-DSA CRYSTALS-Dilithium, Dilithium, FIPS 204	FIPS 204	23
SLH-DSA SPHINCS+, FIPS 205	FIPS 205	4
Winternitz one-time signatures WOTS	No published standard	1
WOTS+ Winternitz one-time signature plus	RFC 8391	1
XMSS eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme	SP 800-208 and RFC 8391	2